sphere critique Essay - 682 Words

Sphere nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sphere is an interesting story about a group of scientists from different disciplines who are brought to a super-secret underwater site where the U. S. Navy has discovered a mysterious, glowing sphere. Although the movie was very interesting, a lot of scientific facts, it was just too long and there were parts of the film where I found myself yawning. I give the movie a thumb up for being the movie my teacher chose to show the class. Although the movie was directed by Barry Levinson and starred Dustin Hoffman, Sharon Stone, and Samuel L. Jackson it would not be a movie I would pick off the shelf and rent for my own interest. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Psychologist Norman Goodman is summoned to the†¦show more content†¦The team consists of a psychologist (Norman Goodman), biochemist (Beth Halpren), mathematician (Harry Adams), and an astrophysicist (Ted). According to the Goodman report a biochemist is needed to assess the physiology of the unknown life form. A mathematician is needed because math would be the common language. An astrophysicist is needed to locate the place in the cosmos. This elite team will be staying in a habitat 1000 feet beneath the ocean. The habitat is handled by two navy personal. The contact team finds a large sphere in the spacecraft that reflects everything but humans. According to Ted if they were to put a micrometer around the sphere it would be perfect to the millionth of an inch. Then when the crew loses contact with the surface because of a storm overhead the team is forced to stay in the habitat. When a few crew members are killed the crew is forced to find out the mysteries of the sphere while dealing with distrust between each other. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The movie contained some good scientific information. It mentioned the concept of the black hole, a collapsed dead star that has so much gravity it acts like a huge vacuum cleaner sucking everything (dust, light, and time). It also demonstrated that a liquid hydrogen bomb would send a shock wave under water and after the shockwave passes everything would be pulled back in toward the source.Show MoreRelatedThe Politics Of The Middle East1133 Words   |  5 PagesSmith-Gittelman Politics of The Middle East October 5th, 2016 In her article The Politics of Deliberation, Lisa Wedeen is critical of both the Schumpeterian minimalist conception of democracy and the Habermas’s notion of the bourgeois public sphere because they deflect â€Å"attention from important forms of democratic practices that take place in authoritarian regimes.† She breaks down her paper by asserting three important points: 1) the minimalist, procedural definition of democracy as contestedRead MoreThe Public And Private Sphere1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe understanding of the public and private spheres has been part of a number of debates in different areas of academia, particularly in political theory and international relations. The concept of civil society emerges from this debate in an attempt to understand the formations of people outside of the private sphere. In this sense, I want to explore the development and expansion of this concept. In order to do that, I will explore the contributions of Jà ¼rgen Habermas and Nancy Fraser to the conceptualizationRead MoreThe Public Sphere By Nancy Fraser981 Words   |  4 Pagesboth critical analysis and a modern day interpretation Jà ¼rgen Habermas’ concept of the public sphere. Through the application of a revisionist historical lens, Fraser both highlights the limits of the original concept of a single public sphere, and introduces interpretations of it as applied to modern day social issues. Through these critiques, Fraser is successful in forwarding the theory of the public sphere as an indispensible element to the application of critical theory. Drawing on examples in lateRead MoreImpact of Internet and Media on Modern Youth6198 Words   |  25 Pagescombination Blurring of familiar boundaries Claims about the transformative power of the new media encompass many dimensions of social life. One of the most widespread is that long-established and traditionally-significant boundaries between distinct spheres are being blurred or transcended (Lievrouw and Livingstone, 2002). These include the boundary between work and leisure (via home working, teleworking, flexi-working etc), between entertainment and education (as in the neologisms of edutainment andRead MoreThe Public Sphere : An Encyclopedia Article Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept ‘public sphere’ is used to signify a realm of rational public discourse and debate; a realm that directly corresponds to democracy where all citizens have the agency to participate in discussions about issues of common concern. In The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article Jà ¼rgen Habermas defines the public sphere as an equally accessible realm of social life where public opinion can be formed (Habermas 102). Despite Ha bermas idealized notion of the public sphere, Professor Smith-FullertonRead MoreEssay The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant2525 Words   |  11 Pages Criticism is Kants original achievement; it identifies him as one of the greatest thinkers of mankind and as one of the most influential authors in contemporary philosophy. But it is important to understand what Kant means bycriticism, or critique. In a general sense the term refers to a general cultivation of reason by way of the secure path of science (Bxxx). More particularly, its use is not negative, but positive, a fact that finds expression in the famous expression, I have thereforeRead MoreConstruction Of The Public Sphere782 Words   |  4 PagesGerard Hauser critiques Habermas’ construction of the public sphere, pointing out many of its weaknesses. Hauser does concede that Habermas’ ideas about the public sphere are meant to focus solely on the bourgeois public sphere and not include all public spheres; however, Habermas’ critics have approached his model as universal, so it needs to be examined, contextually, as an approach to universally understandin g public spheres (47-48). Because Hauser’s approach to the public sphere is more dynamicRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement1982 Words   |  8 Pagestougher oversight of the financial industry.† (Salazar. 2011: 1). Habermas discusses the bourgeois public sphere as: â€Å"the sphere of private people come together as a public; they soon claim the public sphere regulated from above against the public authorities themselves, to engage them in a debate over general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labour † (Ironstone October 24th 2014). He then goes on to describe â€Å"†¦theRead MorePublic Sphere Essay1847 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The idea that a public sphere to which everyone can contribute on equal terms is simply a fantasy.† To believe that there exists a public sphere where every single member contributes on an equal level is highly unrealistic. Correspondingly, many academics have critically supported as well as argued against this view. There will be discussion of the public sphere and various writer’s views and concepts regarding it, with specific references to Howley (2007) and Turnbull (2006), as well as HackettRead MoreInformation flows around the world1952 Words   |  8 Pages‘Public Sphere’ in his earliest books called The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, which was translated into English in 1989. The original version of the book is in German and was publish in 1962. He defined public sphere as an open space where everyone in the society could come face to face to talk about and figure out their problems in the society, and then form an agreement as the solution to the problem. Public sphere is â€Å"a discursive

A Research Paper on the Life of John Stuart Mill - 876 Words

This research paper focuses on the life of John Stuart Mill and how it affected his economic theories. John Stuart Mill’s grew up unlike most, raised since his adolescence to be the face of utilitarianism. This upbringing may have had some effect on his theories and overall beliefs in his economic policies. Born in 1806, John Stuart Mill was the son of economist James Mill. From a very early age his father instilled a discipline of studies. When he was very young he began to read Latin, and comprehend algebra arithmetic. Being the oldest of the family, he was the one in charge of teaching his fellow siblings everything he had learned. He also studied Greek, and followed the works of Plato. Although learning these amounts of work may seem like a good thing, it was clear he could not handle such amount of knowledge. Missing out on much of his youth, and straying away from a typical kid’s life, it wasn’t soon until John Stuart Mill began to self-implode. His father’s plans was to create a genius, to carry on the legacy. James Mill sent his son with Jeremy Bentham, and originator amongst utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham was the first to acknowledge the theory of utilitarianism. This theory acknowledges that everyone must act in a manner as to produce the greatest aggreg ate happiness. This theory is the strong hold that John Stuart Mill practiced in his years to come, and would later be recognized as a forefather. One of the main problems with utilitarianism was thatShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism1642 Words   |  7 Pagesa wide range of interpretations, as well as having no clear meaning. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher, based his controversial sentiments of happiness on Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism, believing that goods are the means to greatest happiness for the greatest number of peoples. 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The importance of communication in care settings Free Essays

string(54) " that they were fearful, feeling angry or aggressive\." Communication is not just what you say. It is the tone of voice that you are using and the way you portray how you are feeling, for instance the way that you are standing will indicate how you are feeling towards whoever was with you if you were relaxed and open you would be standing with your head up and arms relaxed. If you were upset or didn’t want to talk then you’d be stood there with your head down and arms folded across your chest. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of communication in care settings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eye contact is important and in the UK the majority of people look at each other for 70% of the conversation whereas in Japan they only look at one another for 50% of the time. Your confidence is shown in your eye contact if you are walking down a street with your head held high and briefly meet others eyes it shows that you are confident in yourself and what you are doing. Only a small part of communication is what you are actually saying this can make it complicated when you are communicating with others as what you are saying will mean perfect sense to you but it may be interpreted to mean something completely different. In most cases the tone of your voice is either taken for granted or perceived unconsciously. The tone of how you say something is 38% of the way that you communicate. 55% is non verbal communication and what you say is only 7%. This shows that awareness of the appropriate tone and good voice control this is important for all care workers. Communication skills are a vital and necessary to have in any care setting. If you have good communication skills you can make sure that you get every thing done as efficiently and effetely as possible. Also when you are dealing with people in a social care environment you will need to make sure that they understand what you are saying or meaning, you have to build a trusting relationship with your clients and make sure that they are at ease, this is because you might be dealing with vulnerable people, the elderly or people with learning difficulties. Sentence and Verbal Communication iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/sentence-and-verbal-communication/embed/#?secret=22mzhBkla9" data-secret="22mzhBkla9" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Sentence and Verbal Communication#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe To meet you client’s needs you would help with housing, washing, shopping or with anything else that the individual may need. Some of the elderly clients may be suffering with dementia. This may result in them acting in an unpredictable way. The medical side is different although communication is just as fundamental, as you may have to find something important out quickly to prevent further distress to the patient. When you go and visit you doctor you only have a 10 minute time slot and in them 10 minutes your GP has to find out what is wrong explain and give you treatment. This would not happen if you and your doctor could not communicate properly. Your patients will be aware of your body language so you need to show them that you are comfortable and that you want to hear what they have to say; also you need to show them that what they are saying is important. So eye contact and openness is vital. You don’t want to be sat typing away at your computer when your patient arrives as that automatically says you have something more important to do other then greeting them. Also when people are in pain or ill they tend to become emotional and anxious. Then as the health professional it is your job to make sure that you have the situation under control. A GP or any other health professional needs to make sure that they use the correct type of tone this is make sure that the patient feels comfor table and valued also by using the appropriate tone you can make yourself sound interested, caring and encouraging. Effective communication is central to a good working practice of all early years’ professionals and relationships with children and their families/carers may be impaired without it. Communication involves a successful exchange of information from one person to another. When working with the early years you have to take in to account of their age and their understanding level. You can not expect a child of 3 to understand eye contact or subtle body language. You need to make sure that you are communicating to them on their understanding level not yours. You will also have to compromise for their lack of speech and their unpredictability when they cant communicate with you. So for communication to be successful it needs to meat the needs of both speakers and any breakdown will result in a lack of communication taking place ADD COMMUNICATION CYCLE? Ask Teresa Oral communication would be one of the most important ways of communicating in the social, medical and early years setting, as within these settings you have to build up a trusting professional relationship. That advantage to oral communication is that you can exchange information quickly. The service provider can explain situations and answer any questions that may arise. When speaking with someone you can make sure that whoever you are communicating with understand what you are saying. Also if necessary and appropriate you can comfort if what you are saying is distressing. In a social setting oral communication is vital for a nurse as she not only has to be able to communicate efficiently and for the best of her clients she has to be able to hand over their information correctly to the next shift of nurses if she was to get this wrong it may jeopardise the patient. Also with oral communication you can nominally tell how your clients are feeling if they have a quite tone then it may be that they are depressed, feeling sad or passiveness. If they had a loud or excited tone this could mean that they were fearful, feeling angry or aggressive. You read "The importance of communication in care settings" in category "Papers" Skilled care workers can pick this up and act appropriately. It is an important role of a care worker to be able to understand, relay and gather information not just with the patients but also with her work team. On a typical day a nurse would have to record what medication was given, the amount and the time it was administered she would do this so she could pass it on to other nurses so they are aware of the medication that, the patient has had. Communication can fail if there is a lack of knowledge this could leave the people involved feeling inadequate. Communicating orally in an early year’s environment can be demanding and frustrating. You not only have to build up trusting relationship and understanding with the children you also need to do this with their parents/carers and the rest of your team. When communicating with young children they may not always understand what you are saying to them but the can hear your tone of voice and the tone of voice used conveys a message to the child which at times be the wrong message. For example. To ask a child â€Å"what are you doing† may be interpreted by a child as a negative question if the tone of voice is wrong. When you are talking to young children and are asking questions or giving guidance you need to do so in a clear voice and in bite size pieces. Like â€Å"go and get your shoes† not â€Å"go out the hall into the shoe area find your shoes and put them on. Then come back to me† this is because their understanding level is lower then yours and the short term memory only last for 30 seconds and by the time they have left the room they would have forgotten. When talking to parent/carer you need to establish whether they would prefer you to communicate with them in an informal or formal way. This is the register of language. Some parents and most certainly the children will prefer you to great them in an informal way as this may put them at ease. Within a medical setting you need to remember to use the correct type of language (register of language) formal language would be better unless requested from the patient. If a medical receptionist was informal then the patient may think that are being disrespected. As a GP you will communicate aurally most of the time to you patients this mean that the GP has the advantage that the tone of voice can betray how the patient is feeling emotionally and if relevant the GP may be able to help or refer them to another source. This is the GP taking care of his patient’s emotional and physical wellbeing. As a GP you will have to work and communicate with people that have different styles of speaking such as ethic groups and people that come from different work and culture settings. Verbal communication for a nurse at A+E is about buliding a relationship quickly with all types of people from all walks of life they have to be calm so she needs to have gained their trust. Also they have to exchange information to one another. Nurses and paramedics use a pain scale asking how bad the pain is from 1 to 10 this is especially good for children as they cant always describe what pain they are in. Written communication in any organised setting is one of the most important factors. This is because of keeping records. Getting the right support for your clients. Without written communication you would not be able to do this. In social care setting it may not be the choice of some of your clients. If you have clients that are profoundly deaf or very hard of hearing it would be more appropriate and polite to send them a letter rather then ringing them. There would be little point of finding out effective way to communicate with a client and then not making an accurate record so that other people can also communicate with that person. The type of things that you would record as a care worker would be what problems your clients have how it affects them both emotionally and physically. What action should be taken by yourself and others. Always add the date and whether you administered medication, and any other day to day things that you do. Most of the written communication will be between you and your colleges on a professional basis. You will mainly communicate with your clients in a more informal way When working in an early year’s environment it is important to keep parents well informed. You need to pass information through ways that parents can access. The easiest way to do this is by written communication. This can be in many ways such as news letters once a month with general information in them, home and setting books so that you can keep in contact with the parents that way this is a good way for people that have child care so they know what is going on a daily basis, notice boards so that you can display reminders and notices and displays of the children’s work throughout the setting so that the parents can see for them selves that their child is doing constructive things while at the setting When working with early years children it is easier sometimes to use visual pictures as aids so that a child can associate a picture with a meaning or a word. For example you may put their picture on their coat per and a picture of a coat above them. Children respond and understand picture writing rather then just the written word. Staff in the early years setting will also do reports on the children’s development and what aspects they need to improve on. This is to accommodate their social, physical, emotional and intellectual wellbeing and prepare them for school. The types of medical written information that you would get would be letters and reminders about appointments whether at your GP’s clinic, medical centre or local hospitals. You may get test results or letters about your tests and the results. You may also get formal letters indicating a change of location. Every doctor has his patient’s notes and information this is to see what illness and treatments that you have had in the past and whether you are allergic to anything. He keeps them as records nowadays stored on a computer so no matter where you are they can locate your files. As a patient you may get extra correspondence from your GP regarding any medical check ups that you need GP’s and other health professionals use written communication to refer patients to one other service providers. Being an employee in any care setting you will come across people with hearing and visual impairments there are a number of ways to carry on or start communicating with your clients. Communication between hearing and deaf people is not always straight forward. Quite often the response of a hearing person is to either talk more loudly or over emphasise lip patterns, this will actually cause more difficulty. However the ability and awareness of how to communicate clearly can solve many day to day issues. Makaton is a type of system that uses speech, signs and symbols to help people with learning difficulties to communicate, and to develop their language skills. People that speak Makaton will use speech as well as body language they don’t just silent sign. Makaton is a form of augmentative and alterative communication (AAC). Makaton is used with both children and adults who are unable to speak or whose speech is difficult to understand. Makaton is a key word signing system that aims to provide a basic means of communication and encourage language development. When using Makaton the key words will still be spoken as well as signed. If you have a client in your care it is bested advised to try and learn some of their preferred way of communication, although you will pick up some meanings. Braille is a type of communication that instead or words are raised marks that can be felt wit the fingers. This provides a type of written communication that can be used by people with limited or no sight. Braille is usually taught to those who are totally blind from youth. Moon is usually taught to people who loose their sight in later life. Both moon and Braille are raised symbols that correspond to the alphabet. British sign language is a visual/spatial language which is governed by its own grammatical rules using shapes, hand movements and facial expressions to convey meaning leading to successful communication. There are 9,000,000 deaf or hard of hearing people in the UK, with distinct differences in the way that they wish to communicate. Approximately 80,000 people sign language as their first language. Electrical aids have made communication much easier. Information displays on computer screens such as information kiosks ands bulletin boards are increasingly being used for public communication. Other then e-mails and telephone and the internet there are loads of other ways to communicate using modern technology. Technology can be made friendly and accessible to people that are blind or have low vision for example:- you have voice synthesisers can be installed to read out loud the text on the screen. There is also Braille and other tactile symbols can be embossed on the buttons used on the display. You can also get special scanners to convert text into a read out which is relayed to the user by voice synthesisers or convert the words on a printed page into very large sized text on the computer screen. Communication via computers has enabled society to be able to communicate efficiently, accurately and quickly. Within a hospital and emergency environment to communicate the correct information and quickly you need computerised communication. For example somebody comes into A+E with a suspected broken arm they get sent to the Department to have an x-ray. After taking the photos they send them back to A+E. this saves time and money. It is efficient and it is to the best of the patients as treatment can be administered more quickly. In effect it’s taking care of their physical and emotional wellbeing. This is not the only benefit that computerised communication has, at the scene of an accident the paramedics will contact the hospital to let them know who is coming in and why their age and any other infomation that they have on them. This is to ensure that upon their arrival the correct treatment can be administered, Especially if it is a life threatening situation. Even though the need of speed may be vital they also have to be accurate, clear and understandable as its about somebodys care. How to cite The importance of communication in care settings, Papers

Zinc Reacts with Vinegar free essay sample

This research is about the chemical reaction of zinc with acetic acid to produce a short amount of electricity. Even though it only conducts a small amount of voltage, we investigated and experimented on how it can produce more than usual without adding any other components on the project except zinc, copper, vinegar, or a unique container that can increase the voltage of our product. The zinc can produce electricity because of the chemical reaction it occurs when it is soaked in vinegar’s acetic acid, the zinc is dissolved to produce hydrogen gas; while the copper’s use is only to move the electrons throughout the entire circuit and connect it to the battery powered object. The main idea we took on our research and personal experiences is that when more batteries are connected, more voltage are produced. Our design is to connect one container of vinegar, zinc, and copper to another container with the same materials to produce our needed voltage. If ever we had reached it, the starting copper wire and the last copper wire will be the wire connected to our LED bulb to light it up and hopefully to let other battery-powered objects to run with this kind of battery. In our results, we were able to light up our LED bulb with an amount of approximately 4. 25 volts while using a 12 slot ice cube tray. We found out that the way to increase the voltage of our product was to have more containers to be connected to each other. i Acknowledgements The researchers extend their gratitude to our Parents for the overall support and help, especially finding the materials needed for our research. To Ms. Michelle Baldevarona for giving us the chance to work on this project and made corrections on our mistakes And most importantly, to God, our Father, for the knowledge, strength, time, and life He gave to us to make this research a success. ii Table of Contents TitlePage A. Abstracti B. Acknowledgmentsii C. Chapter 1 a. Background of the study1 b. Statement of the Problem2 c. Formulation of the Hypothesis2 d. Significance of the Study3 e. Definition of Terms4 D. Chapter 27 E. Chapter 3 a. Research Design 12 b. Materials12 c. Procedure 13 F. Chapter 4 a. Presentation of Data, Analysis, Interpretation of Data14 b. Findings15 c. Results15 G. Chapter 5 a. Summary16 b. Conclusion16 c. Recommendations17 H. Appendices18 Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study The researchers first aimed to find a good project that can conduct even a short amount of electricity through their own simple chemical reaction. We then came upon with zinc’s reaction with acetic acid. In our research it produces a very short amount of voltage. We want to find a way to strengthen the production of electricity without using other components to help us with our task except zinc, copper, vinegar and either a glass or plastic container. If we indeed improve it, would it light an LED bulb, and how much voltage it produces? After agreeing with the said product, we then studied on battery cells. The electric current involved in this research is called electrochemical cells; these cells are used to store chemical energy to eventually move electrons. The more the cells, the stronger the voltage it produces. The electrons can move through the whole circuit by using the copper wire as a connecting wire and be able to light up our LED bulb. Lastly, in our early research, more than one cell is then called a battery. 1 Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine if the chemical reaction of zinc with acetic acid can produce electricity and if ever, how can it produce more. We aim to answer the following questions: 1. How can zinc and acetic acid produce more electric voltage? 2. Is it enough to light an LED bulb? 3. How many containers that it takes to light the LED bulb? Formulation of the Hypothesis The researchers hypothesized that we wouldn’t fully lit the LED bulb but only to light it up due to the low voltage it produces. 2 Significance of the Study We opt to understand the chemical reaction of zinc on acetic acid and learn its balanced equation. And on further testing, we want to use this to take advantage on saving batteries for other uses. Through this study, the researchers hoped to help and teach the following people. a. House owners – House owners always want to save electricity, this can be a substitute on objects that only need small amount of voltage to run. And with simple materials, they can understand and learn how electric current move and work. b. Students on Chemistry Class – The chemical reaction can help them with their studies even though it’s just simple. It can let them understand how chemical reaction important on our daily life because it is everywhere. c. Scientists – Zinc’s reaction on acetic acid produces hydrogen gas in a form of a bubble; scientists can study on producing this gas to enhance our knowledge on the most abundant element on the universe. d. Electric Engineer – They might want to expound the idea of this study and try to reduce it to the size of an AA battery. 3 Scope and Limitations The research took awhile because we are trying to understand how the electrons from one cell move and adds up the voltage, and while we tried it out, we had a hard time fixing up the wires and finding the right container. We then found valuable information from the Internet through tons of searching and reading. Most of the information went from people’s opinion on how the battery works. And we read that the zinc slowly dissolves on vinegar, so the battery might not last long unless you change the zinc afterwards. While the purpose of our study was to understand the chemical reaction of zinc with acetic acid on producing our needed voltage to light the LED bulb. Definition of Terms Vinegar is a liquid consisting mainly of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and water. The acetic acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. Zinc is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. 4 Acetic Acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colorless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Vinegar is roughly 4%-8% of [acetic acid] by volume, making it the main component of vinegar, apart from water. H3O+ (Hydronium Cation) is the positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula H3O+. Hydronium, a type of oxonium ion, is formed by the protonation of water (H2O). OH- (Hydroxide) consists of oxygen and a hydrogen atom held together by a covalent bond, and carries a negative electric charge. It is an important but usually minor constituent of water. It functions as a base, a ligand, a nucleophile and a catalyst. Weak Acid is an acid that dissociates incompletely, releasing only some of its hydrogen atoms into the solution. Thus, it is less capable than a strong acid of donating protons. Cation an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge. Anion is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge. Battery – is a device that produces electricity by a chemical reaction between two substances. 5 Electrochemistry a branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor and an ionic conductor. These reactions involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution. Electrochemical cell a device capable of either deriving electrical energy from chemical reactions or facilitating chemical reactions through the introduction of electrical energy. 6 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies Zinc’s Reaction with Acetic Acid The composition of U. S. pennies was changed in 1982. For the preceding 20 years, pennies were an alloy of about 94 % copper and 6 % zinc. The increasing cost of copper made this impractical. Therefore, some 1982 pennies, and all pennies produced after that time, have a pure copper shell with a zinc interior. The new pennies contain only about 2. 4 % copper, and weigh about 2. 5 grams, as opposed to the approximate 3. 1 gram weight of the older type. Zinc is a more reactive metal than copper. In this experiment, you will show that zinc will react with vinegar (an acetic acid solution) to produce hydrogen gas, while copper will not react. Vinegar is a 5 % solution of acetic acid. It is not a very strong acid, nor is it very concentrated. For this reason, the reaction proceeds fairly slowly. The hydrogen gas generated by the reaction bubbles up, because it is less dense than the Penny and the acid solution. 7 However, toward the end of the reaction, some bubbles of hydrogen may adhere to the copper or be trapped inside the shell. If this occurs, the combination of copper and hydrogen gas may be less dense than the acid solution, and what’s left of the penny may actually float. Source: http://www. ectschool. com/webquiz/ects_quizzes/labs/Chemistry%20Experiment/Chemical%20Reactions/The%20Behavior%20of%20Copper%20and%20Zinc%20with%20Acid. pdf Electrochemical Cells An extremely important class of oxidation and reduction reactions are used to provide useful electrical energy in batteries. A simple electrochemical cell can be made from copper and zinc metals with solutions of their sulfates. In the process of the reaction, electrons can be transferred from the zinc to the copper through an electrically conducting path as a useful electric current. An electrochemical cell can be created by placing metallic electrodes into an electrolyte where a chemical reaction either uses or generates an electric current. Electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells, and common batteries consist of one or more such cells. In other electrochemical cells an externally supplied electric current is used to drive a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously. Such cells are called electrolytic cells. Source: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/chemical/electrochem. html 8 Chemical Reaction of Zinc on Acetic Acid: Zn(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) (CH3COO)2Zn(aq) + H2(g) Zn(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) Zn(OOCCH3)2(aq) + H2(g) Source: http://answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20090218161857AAsrFEw Battery a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Source: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) Acetic Acid Electrical Conductivity Source: http://pubs. acs. org/doi/abs/10. 1021/ja01328a026 9 Electric Current and Copper Copper is a good conductor because, like other metals, it contains free electrons. Free electrons are also known as conduction electrons. Each copper atom provides a single free electron, so there are as many free electrons as atoms. Free electron concentration in copper n = 8. 5 ? 1028 per m3 When a voltage is connected across a piece of copper, it pushes the free electrons so that they flow through the metal – thats an electric current. Notice that the electrons start to flow as soon as the switch is closed. The message to get them moving is instantaneous (in fact it travels close to the speed of light). However, the electrons themselves travel much more slowly. So how does the current come on everywhere as soon as the switch is closed? It is because the free electrons are already spread through the wire. As soon as the switch is closed, there is a force on all the electrons, which gets them moving. Its a bit like a bicycle chain. As soon as you start pedalling, the back wheel starts to turn. The force on the back wheel is instantaneous even though the individual links are travelling at a visible speed. But because the links are already spread around the chain circuit they all start to move at the same time. Source: http://resources. schoolscience. co. uk/CDA/16plus/copelech2pg2. html 10 Voltage Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb ( = volts). It is often referred to as electric potential, which then must be distinguished from electric potential energy by noting that the potential is a per-unit-charge quantity. Like mechanical potential energy, the zero of potential can be chosen at any point, so the difference in voltage is the quantity which is physically meaningful. The difference in voltage measured when moving from point A to point B is equal to the work which would have to be done, per unit charge, against the electric field to move the charge from A to B. Source: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/electric/elevol. html 11 Chapter 3 Methodology Research Design The research design consists of the following set-up. Fill up any number of containers with vinegar. A copper wire on the start of one container, will be either the positive or negative side of the battery, then zinc connected with a connecting wire connects the two containers, the zinc is on the first container then connects the second container with the connecting wire. Repeat on to connect more cells and to produce higher voltage. Then end with zinc connected with a copper wire while the zinc is soaked on the vinegar and the copper wire is dry outside. Materials Needed Vinegar-LED bulb Containers-Battery Tester Zinc Strips/Nails Copper Strips Connecting Wires 12 Procedure Setting Up: 1. Took some containers and fill them up with vinegar. 2. Took one copper wire and placed hanging on the very first container on any side of the platform. 3. Connected a zinc metal with a connecting wire and soaked the zinc on the first container and the connecting wire on the second container. 4. Continued placing zinc and connecting wire on the second to third container 5. Repeated on until all the containers are connected 6. Placed the last zinc connected with a copper wire on the container (Zinc soaked, Copper wire left hanging outside) Testing the Battery 1. Took out our battery tester and checked the voltage of the battery by touching both copper wires with the respective testing wires. 2. Connected the LED light bulb on the two respective copper wires. 13 Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Presentation of Data, Analysis and Interpretation of Data Table 1: The researchers want to obtain enough voltage to light up an LED bulb; we started from a trial test with glasses and try to work it with a number of containers to obtain our needed, stronger voltage. Trial with Number of Containers Connected Voltage Produced What Happened? LED Bulb? Trial 1 Glass Connected 2 ~0. 90 The researchers’ first attempt to produce electricity, Voltage was too low. No Trial 2 Glass Connected 4 ~1. 55 With 4 Glasses connected to each other, voltage went a little bit higher. No Trial 3 Glass Connected 5 ~2. 20 Same happened with 5 Glasses. No Trial 4 – Ice Cube Tray (small) Connected 12 ~4. 25 We changed our container to an ice cube tray having 12 small slots. Voltage was astonishing and it lit up our LED bulb. Yes 14 Findings The researchers found out that to obtain the needed voltage, we need to have more containers connected to each other because the electrons has to move around, and when it moves, it is reaching more vinegar, more acetic acid therefore producing higher voltage. Results In the results, when more containers are being connected to one another, the higher voltage it produces. But until we had the light bulb to light up we connected 12 small container of an ice cube tray to each other. It didn’t take that much space compared the trial where we used glasses as our container. So on our opinion, the volume of vinegar doesn’t matter as long as we connect more containers to one another, and it produces higher voltage. 15 Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations Summary The research claims that indeed the zinc can produce electricity when reacted with acetic acid. The way to light up the LED bulb is to connect more containers to one other because the electrons move on each container until it reached the object to be powered. The LED bulb was lit due to a correct amount of containers that will produce enough voltage to light it up. Conclusion So we concluded that acetic acid and zinc can conduct electricity but to produce more means to add more cells just like a simple battery, the more that there are connected the more electricity it produces. We were able to light up an LED bulb with 12 small containers of an ice cube tray, each slot with zinc and copper wire soaked on the vinegar. But the battery wouldn’t last long because of the dissolving of zinc to the acid, but replacing it is easy and won’t take a lot of time. 16 Recommendations We recommend using a container that can supply already more than 5 slots for setting up your battery, just like an ice cube tray that we used. Because if continued with a lot of glasses or large containers, it will take more space than usual. And also, we recommend fixing your wire properly because ours’ look messy. And lastly, if you want to run some things that takes a higher voltage to run, you may want to spend your time on connecting a lot of ice cube tray to one another with the same procedure. 17 Appendices A. Trial 1 on 2 Glasses, not able to light up the LED bulb B. Trial 2 on 4 glasses, not able to light up the LED bulb 18 C. Trial 3 on 5 Glasses, not able to light up the LED D. First Setup on 2 glasses 19 E. Trial 4 on Ice Cube Tray, Lit up the LED bulb F. Lit up our first ever LED bulb with vinegar battery