Xml And Java Essays - Markup Languages, Technical Communication

Xml And Java XML and Java Abstract Most web developers are intimately familiar with HTML, which is a language for presenting information on-screen so that it can be read by a human. A new markup language is rapidly gaining attention, however. XML allows for the presentation of information which can be read by a computer program. It is likely that the future of web development includes the creation of increasing numbers of programs, which make intelligent use of the data on XML-based web pages. And Java is a very good language for creating those programs. There has been a close relationship between Java and XML since the earliest mention of XML. John Bosak of Sun Microsystems, Chair of the XML Working Group has said that XML gives Java something to do (Web Techniques, pg. 43). Since there has been a decision to provide a standard Java API for manipulating XML (WT Pg. 43), the use of Java to manipulate XML documents is likely to continue, and increase over time. What is XML? XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language. It looks a lot like HTML. In fact, both HTML and XML are commonly viewed as a subset of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). SGML is very complicated, a fact that has lead to it's failure to gain widespread usage. HTML, its greatly simplified descendant, has been a resounding success, but it is beginning to demonstrate some significant limitations. XML is in between these markup languages in terms of complexity. It is more complex than HTML, but still significantly less complex than SGML. (Dynamic Web Publishing Unleashed - Pg. 744-745). It is essentially an attempt to define a common ground between HTML and SGML. Like SGML, XML is a metalanguage for defining markup languages. XML allows you to define your own markup language consisting of new ?tags' which you can use to encode the information in your web documents far more precisely than can be done with HTML. XML is not a replacement for HTML. It is, instead, a supplement to HTML. While HTML will continue to be used for standard web pages, XML will be useful for applications that need more intelligent documents and more processing ability (DWP - Pg. 745). The main limitations of HTML are lack of extensibility, structure, and validation. (http:// metalab.unc.edu/pub/sun-info/standards/xml/why/xmlapps.html). Extensibility. HTML has a fixed number of tags. While the W3C and browser developers can (and frequently do) add tags, users cannot create their own tags to more accurately describe their data. Structure. HTML does not support the creation of nested tags, which would be used to describe and represent databases or object hierarchies. Validation. HTML does not support document validation. It has no means of allowing an application to check the data for validity, or to ensure that the markup is correct and well formed. XML differs from HTML in all three of these major areas: It allows developers to define new tags and attributes as needed It allows document tags to be nested as deeply as needed. Any XML document can include or make reference to a description of its grammar and syntax for use by applications that need to validate the structure of a document. XML will be most widely used in applications, which cannot be accomplished within the limitations of HTML. According to Jon Bosak of Sun Microsystems (Future of the web) These applications can be divided into four broad categories: Applications that require the Web client to mediate between two or more heterogeneous databases Applications that require the Web client to present different views of the same data to different users. Applications that require the Web client to present different views of the same data to different users. Applications in which intelligent Web agents attempt to tailor information discovery to the needs of the individual users. One more quote from Mr. Bosak: XML can do for data what Java has done for programs, which is to make the data both platform-independent and vendor-independent. Why Java? It can be argued that Java is an ideal language to use to create the applications listed above. At the most obvious level, both have been promoted almost exclusively for use in Web environments. But several features of the Java language make

Assuming no pollution explain why a road is only an example of market failure when it is congested essays

Assuming no pollution explain why a road is only an example of market failure when it is congested essays Assuming no pollution, explain why a road is only an example of market failure when it is congested. When a road is not congested and the traffic can move freely along it, the private cost is equal to the social cost. The road is non-rivalrous because everybody who wants to use it can. For every user that uses the road above the amount that makes the road rivalrous, they have to pay the externality of the congestion. As more people join, the externality increases. The externality is also known as the external cost. Because the road becomes congested, the journey time of the users is lengthened. The additional road users should pay the cost of the other users time. On a congested road, a car for example uses more fuel than it would on a non-congested road, this cost should also be considered. Measuring the social cost is very difficult. Listed above are just two factors that determine the extent of the social cost. The social cost can be different at different times of the day, e.g. at 8:30am in the morning, the roads are very busy because of people travelling to work. The same goes for 5pm when people finish work. In the early hours of the morning it is unlikely that you will any cars at all. There is market failure when the Marginal Social Cost (MSC) is greater than the Marginal Private Cost (MPB). This only happens when the road is congested (we can see this from the diagram). This is why a road is an example of market failure only when it is congested. The additional motorists that wish to use a congested road should pay the external cost, we can see this also on the graph. ...

The History of Chinese Chopsticks

The History of Chinese Chopsticks Chopsticks play an important role in Chinese food culture. Chopsticks are called Kuaizi in Chinese and were called Zhu in ancient times (see the characters above). Chinese people have been using kuaizi as one of the main tableware for more than 3,000 years. History of Chopsticks It was recorded in Liji (The Book of Rites) that chopsticks were used in the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1100 BC). It was mentioned in Shiji (the Chinese history book) by Sima Qian (about 145 BC) that Zhou, the last king of the Shang Dynasty (around 1100 BC), used ivory chopsticks. Experts believe the history of wood or bamboo chopsticks can be dated to about 1,000 years earlier than ivory chopsticks. Bronze chopsticks were invented in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC - 771 BC). Lacquer chopsticks from the Western Han (206 BC - 24 AD) were discovered in Mawangdui, China. Gold and silver chopsticks became popular in the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907). It was believed that silver chopsticks could detect poisons in food. Materials to Make Them Chopsticks can be classified into five groups based on the materials used to make them, i.e., wood, metal, bone, stone, and compound chopsticks. Bamboo and wood chopsticks are the most popular ones used in Chinese homes. How Not to Use Your Chopsticks There are a few things to avoid when using chopsticks. Chinese people usually dont beat their bowls while eating, since the behavior used to be practiced by beggars. Also dont insert chopsticks in a bowl upright because it is a custom exclusively used in sacrifice. If you are really interested in chopsticks, you may want to visit the Kuaizi Museum in Shanghai. The museum collected over 1,000 pairs of chopsticks. The oldest one was from the Tang Dynasty.

Personal skills and self-management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal skills and self-management - Assignment Example The new initiative is the work of the ANZ Mortgages that entails implementing a policy requesting the non-issuance of Certificate of Titles for all the mortgages which are registered by the ANZ Bank in Western Australia. The purpose of this project is to eliminate the issuance of duplicate Titles to the bank by the Titles office. This initiative is supposed to be implemented and running in the next three months. The initiative stakeholders will involve several groups among them, customers, solicitors and a government department. This initiative will be facilitated by technology as it will reduce costs and improve service efficiency. Planning of a new project or initiative is usually difficult as many people are usually against the idea because of the perceived change of status quo. To make sure a move successful it is important to talk to all the parties involved of the benefits of such a project and the likely effects that such a project would have on them or their day to day operat ions. The management may also be sceptical of the idea because of the costs involved in setting up such projects. During planning the project goals need to be identified, the project deliverables need to be set, the time frame and the supporting plans need to be established in order to make the project successful. This project is relevant as it will reduce unnecessary paper work and procedures involved in keeping of duplicate titles at the titles office (Haugan, 2002, 2-39). Once the project is identified by the management or proposed by the staff as was the case for this initiative, a major decision process often begins. Several decisions have to be made whether the project should be implemented or not. In the decision making process a variety of things are involved. In this project a decision needs to be made whether this initiative is actually beneficial to the organization or not. It will be of no benefit if a project was begun which does not add value to the organization. The o bjective of this project as explained above is to eliminate the issuing of Duplicate Titles to the bank by the titles office. The current procedure at the Bank is that when taking security over landed assets in the form of a first registered mortgage, the client is supposed to deliver a duplicate certificate of Titles to the Department of Land Administration in Western Australia. The duplicate titles plus a copy of the mortgages are then filled in the security packet at ANZ. The problem here arises as a result of the duplication of the documents in order to have copies left in both offices. Another issue is to do with the entire system and how it operates. There are so many disadvantages of the current system namely: the risk of the certificates being lost, high cost of replacing lost certificates, expensive storage equipment are required for storing the certificates and the rental cost of the storage space. As much as it is a good thing it is a tedious process that needs to be elim inated as it wastes effort, time and space (Project Smart, 2011). According to this plan few options exist. The first option will be to continue having the current system which involves a lot of work and duplication of efforts. The second option that exists is to eliminate the process in totality so as to have a more efficient system that will utilize the available resources at an affordable cost to the organization. This is what the project proposes as it will have a lot of benefits. The benefits include the elimination of misfiled certificate and all the costs and penalties that are associated with them, reduction of the physical space required for the storage of these documents, reduction in paper handling/recording and transfer for both offices, security of the documents as they will be handled once and filed by the Bank staff and efficient customer service. Therefore the implementation of this initiative will go a long way in helping the Bank achieve its objectives and also hel p the

Policy Analysis and Political Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy Analysis and Political Strategy - Essay Example In part two, the paper will look at potential supporters and opposition of the proposed strategy. Also, it considers the potential resources to be used in implementing the strategies. Part One This part provides analysis to the environment policies using the eightfold path. The eightfold path is a six step problem solving strategy namely; problem definition, assembling evidence, alternatives, criteria, outcomes and trade offs (Vladimir, 65). Problem definition involves identifying the main problem. In this scenario the main problem is how the individuals’ harm to the environment leads to its overall degradation. The problem definition has three subdivisions which include; market failure, externalities, use of deficit and surplus. Market failures are caused by technical properties of a good or a service which are crucial in identifying the cause of the problem. Market failure is marked by hardships in collecting the payment from all beneficiaries of the policy like in the case of a policy on reduced emissions. The second market failure feature is the difficulty in collecting payment from all potential beneficiaries of a good, for example, when the consumers of fresh air are also those who pollute it. The third market failure is the hardship to identify the real qualities of a good, for example, it is hard to know the carbon content emitted by a certain company (Tickner, 101) In addition, to the market failure there are other failures, which help, in defining the problem, these include; government policies, discrimination and low living standards. These failures lead to environmental degradation, for example, low living standards may lead to destruction of forests as individuals look for a source of income from the trees as fuel or as building materials as well as their use of the trees as cheaper fuel options. The government’s failure leads to environmental degradation failing to impose strict laws to protect the environment as well as penalties in the case of environmental degradation. It occurs when the government fails to pass and implement workable policies to protect the environment. Assembling evidence is the second step in the eightfold strategy. It involves gathering all the required information to help in solving problems and formulating policy strategies. In the environment scenario, the information on all major pollutants is required. The major pollutant to the environment is the Ozone. This is a gas found near the ground (troposphere) it is formed when nitrogen oxide and other organic matters mix in the air, nitrogen oxide originates from burning gasoline, fossil fuels and coal. The Ozone near the ground causes a lot of harm in terms of health as it causes disease such as asthma attacks, flu, sore throats or even sudden death. The second major pollutant is the Carbon monoxide; this comes from burning of fossil fuels and can not be seen or smelled it is exhumed by vehicles. It reduces the oxygen in the body; also, it causes dizziness and tiredness and when inhaled in high concentrations is fatal and can cause death. The third pollutant is Nitrogen dioxide; this is reddish-brown gas that results from vehicle emissions and burning of fossil fuels. It results mostly from cars and plants and is also formed when nitrogen reacts with oxygen at extremely high temperatures. It causes coughs to those exposed to it while its

Faith Vs. Temptation :: essays research papers

Faith vs. Temptation Temptation, at one time or another, has touched all of our lives. What made us choose one path over the other? Was it your faith in God, your knowing of what was right and wrong, or was it the influences of the loved ones you not only surround yourself with, but the one you have trusted to lead down the straight and narrow. All of these questions come to light in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown. Hawthorne’s tale is of a young, newly wedded man, and his internal struggle between faith and temptation. Set in Salem, at the times of the witch trials, Young Goodman Brown begins to question his own faith as the devil himself sheds new light on Brown’s strong beliefs. “With heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the Devil!';… Or will he? Young Goodman Brown prepares to leave on his lonely, life-changing journey, by first saying good bye to his wife of three months. Faith as his wife is called, for symbolic reasons I’m sure, fears for her husband and wishes him to stay. This good bye is Brown’s chance to choose faith over temptation. “Poor little faith, thought he, for his heart smote him. What a wretch am I to leave her on such an errand!'; Brown gives in to temptation. This won’t be the last time. Being scared and alone on his journey, Brown talking to himself says, “What if the devil himself should be at my elbow!'; A few more steps and Brown now has a companion; coincidence? I think not. “The only thing about him that could be fixed upon as remarkable as his staff, which bore the likeliness of a great black snake...like a living serpent."'; It was after this initial greeting and Brown noticing his companion’s walking stick that Brown once again was torn between his faith and the temptation of the errand he was on. Goodman Brown tries to convince himself he is doing wrong and turn back. “Having kept covenant by meeting thee here, it is my purpose now to return whence I came. I have scruples touching the matter thou wot’st of.'; The devil tempts Brown in to continuing. “Let us walk on, reasoning as we go; and if I convince thee not thou shalt turn back.'; Again Brown gives in to temptation. “Too far! Too far! Exclaimed the goodman, unconsciously resuming his walk.

Assess the view that Booker T. Washington was the most important leader in the development of AA civil rights Essay

Assess the view that Booker T. Washington was the most important leader in the development of African American Civil rights in the period 1865 to 1915? It could be argued that Booker T. Washington was the most important figure for developing black civil rights. Washington lived between 1856 and 1915 and was born into a slave family on a Virginia tobacco plantation. He was raised in a log cabin with no windows or beds. After the civil war and the emancipation proclamation his family moved to West Virginia where he worked as a coal miner and domestic servant while acquiring some form of schooling. When he was older he attended the Hampton Institute in 1872 and learnt various trades, his entrance examination consisted of cleaning a room. He then began a career as a teacher in West Virginia, then at the Hampton Institute and then was finally offered the position of founder and principal of Tuskegee in 1881 which was a college which had neither land nor buildings. Whether he was the most important leader is debatable as there were other leading figures trying to carve the way for black African American rights such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells and Thaddeus Stevens. The aims and methods of Booker T. Washington is one way of assessing if he was the most important figure in the development of African American civil rights. He was a accommodationist, this is a theory in which he thought that African Americans should accept the situation for the time being and develop a pragmatic approach, demands for civil rights should be put on hold and a longer term strategy of developing their own community through economic development and educational advancement would come to the forefront. However this was attacked by Northern black militants who thought he â€Å"sought to little†. Washington’s views was criticised by another major black leader of the era, W.E.B Du Bois who believed that civil rights must be obtained by protest and that without political and legal rights; the black community could not economically prosper. In my opinion Booker T. Washing had the better aims as even if blacks did receive civil rights, they wouldn’t of have the economic prosperity to fully express them and so this method would have benefitted the black community greater even though it may of taken longer than the radical protestors at the time thought acceptable. Considering the extend and severity of white hostility towards African Americans at the time, accommodationism was likely to have exploited the few rights that they had gained better than confrontation for more rights. During the period 1865 to 1915 Booker T. Washington had various successes throughout his career, this is another way of assessing if he was the most important leader in the fight for black civil rights. One of these successes was his â€Å"Atlanta compromise† speech in 1895 which was a success as no black speaker had ever spoken at an important southern gathering such as the world fair which expressed his views that â€Å"it was foolish to agitate for social equality. Equality would come through work not force.† It was also successful as other blacks supported his view and thought that economic advancement was all they could gain for the moment and didn’t have the desire to mix with whites. He also benefitted several generations of African Americans with vocational education at Tuskegee which helped them to have more economic opportunities. He also established the National Negro Business league to support black people when setting up businesses in 1900. In could argued that other figures had greater successes in the campaign for African American civil rights such as W.E.B. Du Bois who had a number of successes such a helping to establish the NAACP in 1909 which was one of the most important twentieth century black civil rights organisation . His influential writings that blacks had special cultural and spiritual aspects this increased the black community’s pride of their race which was shown in the â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†. He also helped I believe that the impact of Washington’s success were great than Du Bois as he impressed many whites with the achievements and recognition with important political leaders such a Theodore Roosevelt who invited him to dine at the White House and used him as an advisor, which was remarkable at the time. Booker T. Washington also had a number of failures during his time when he was trying to improve the lives of African Americans, one of these failures was that by 1901 he was receiving a growing amount of critics who claimed he accepted the idea of white supremacy and had made no attempt to challenge the lower social position that blacks could not escape or to challenge the violent side of control such as lynching and even though he was a black advisor for several Presidents he did not use his position to try to change the political discrimination that blacks faced when trying to vote. Another failure that could be seen of Washington is that even despite his attempt to improve black education, black the literacy rate didn’t improve much and the gap of educational spending was widening between black and white schools, for every $2 spent on African American schools. Although this lowered his reputation It could be argued that he wouldn’t be able to change these factors however some of the black community argued he didn’t make enough of an effort to, which disagrees with the point that he was the most important leader in the development of African American civil rights in this time period. The legacy and influence that Booker T. Washington had on the development of African American civil rights, this is another way of evaluating how important he was as a leader. The influence he had on other blacks was inspiring as he advanced from being a slave to being appointed the principal of a college; this changed the mind set of blacks to thinking that if he can do it why can’t they. He also set a good example of self-discipline to his students. Between 1895 to 1905 he was also a main spokesman for the black people and gained several valuable contacts on the political scene which was dominated by whites. However it could be argued that Ida B. Wells had a great influence in the period due to her wide ranging activism especially in publicising lynching and the false rumours around it such as its cause being male black rape allegations. She also established institutes, national and local organisations that had lasting effect on communities; they benefitted both the black lower and middle classes. She also inspired women to take a more active role in campaigning for civil rights. Overall, taking all of the above factors into consideration I believe that Booker T. Washington could be considered the most important leader in the development of African American civil rights. Although it could be argued he didn’t achieve much in terms of actually gaining civil rights for blacks, the other prominent black leaders didn’t change much either and at least he was very influential figure and had several successes that were significant at the time, as shown his speech the â€Å"Atlanta compromise† which was supported by both whites and blacks. His connections in politics also seemed show that he was changing minds in the white dominated sector. He aimed to prove that blacks were just as hard working as whites and this was shown by increasing numbers of blacks being given jobs in vocational trades however this did not increase by as much as European immigrants. Other leaders may of contributed more by participating in major organisations such a NAACP that had made some advances in challenging court cases these organisations had more of an impact after the time period mentioned and so Washington can be credited with the most important African American leader between 1865 and 1915. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e